Abstract
Two new annual fishes are described from the upper Rio Purus drainage, Amazonian basin, northern Brazil. Moema apurinan, new species, is similar to M. staecki, these two species distinguished from other congeners in having contact organs on scales of the flank in males, an acuminate caudal fin, fewer pectoral-fin rays, fewer vertebrae, and a narrower rostral cartilage. Moema apurinan differs from M. staecki in having a longer pectoral fin and a wider basihyal. Moema apurinan is distinguished from all other congeners by possessing fewer caudal-fin rays. Aphyolebias boticarioi, new species, differs from all other congeners by having a deeper body. It is similar to A. rubrocaudatus, A. obliquus, A. claudiae and A. schleseri in having a ventral marginal black stripe on the caudal fin in males. Aphyolebias boticarioi differs from these species by a combination of features including number of anal-fin rays, pectoral-fin rays, vertebrae and gill-rakers, and color patterns.

Key words: Annual Fish, Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae, Moema, Aphyolebias, Amazon, systematics, taxonomy, new species>

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